Freedom of Expression

• Princeton University. “Statement on Freedom of Expression.” Rights, Rules, and Responsibilities, 2017 edition.
• Eisgruber, Christopher L. “Free Speech at Princeton.” Princeton Alumni Weekly, June 7, 2017.
• Eisgruber, Christopher L. “Pluralism and the Art of Disagreement.” Opening Exercises 2017, Princeton University, September 10, 2017.
• Eisgruber, Christopher L. “The Pre-Read Turns Six.” Princeton Alumni Weekly, April 11, 2018.

• George, Robert P., and Cornel West. “Truth Seeking, Democracy, and Freedom of Thought and Expression - A Statement.” The James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions, Princeton University, March 14, 2017.
• Glaude, Eddie Jr. “The Real Special Snowflakes in Campus Free Speech Debates.” Time, September 29, 2017
• Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. “The Free Speech Hypocrisy of Right-Wing Media.” New York Times, August 14, 2017.
• Zelizer, Julian E., and Morton Keller. “Is Free Speech Really Challenged on Campus?” The Atlantic, September 15, 2017.

• Ben-Porath, Sigal R. Free Speech on Campus. University of Pennsylvania Press, July 28, 2017.
• Bollinger, Lee C. The Tolerant Society: Freedom of Speech and Extremist Speech in America. Oxford University Press, March 24, 1988.
• Bollinger, Lee C. and Geoffrey R. Stone, co-edited. Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era. University of Chicago Press, January 2002.
• Chemerinsky, Erwin and Howard Gillman. Free Speech on Campus. Yale University Press, September 12, 2017.
  • Review: Michael B. Roth. “How free should free speech be on campus?” Washington Post, September 22, 2017.
• Heyman, Steven J. Free Speech and Human Dignity. Yale University Press, 2008. 
• Palfrey, John. Safe Spaces, Brave Spaces: Diversity and Free Expression in Education. MIT Press, 2017.
  • Chapter: Palfrey, John, and Alberto Ibargüen. “The Hard Problem of Hate Speech.” Safe Spaces, Brave Spaces: Diversity and Free Expression in Education, MIT Press, 2017, pp. 85–106.
• Rauch, Jonathan. Kindly Inquisitors: The New Attacks on Free Thought. University of Chicago Press, 2013.
• Strossen, Nadine. HATE: Why We Should Resist It with Free Speech, Not Censorship. Oxford University Press, May 1, 2018.
• Strum, Phillipa. Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law. University Press of Kansas, 2015. 
  • Chapter: Strum, Phillipa. “How Free Should Speech Be?” Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law, University Press of Kansas, 2015, pp. 130–149. 
• Waldron, Jeremy. The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press, June 4, 2012.
  • Review: McConnell, Michael W. “You Can’t Say That.” New York Times, June 22, 2012.
  • Review: Stevens, John Paul. “Should Hate Speech be Outlawed?” The New York Review of Books, June 7, 2012.

• Chambers, Simone. “Free Speech and Civility in Pluralist Societies.” After the Paris Attacks: Responses in Canada, Europe, and Around the Globe, edited by Edward M. Iacobucci and Stephen J. Toope, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2015, pp. 13–20. 
• Kennedy, Randall. “The Forgotten Origins of the Constitution on Campus.” The American Prospect, December 28, 2017.
• Matsuda, Mari J. “Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story.” Michigan Law Review, vol. 87, no. 8, 1989, pp. 2320–2381.
• Richards, David A. J. “Toleration and Free Speech.” Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 17, no. 4, 1988, pp. 323–336.
• Simpson, Robert Mark. “Dignity, Harm, and Hate Speech.” Law and Philosophy, vol. 32, no. 6, 2013, pp. 701–728.
• Strossen, Nadine. “Freedom of Speech and Equality: Do We Have to Choose?” Journal of Law & Policy, 2016.
• Sumner, L. W. “Should Hate Speech Be Free Speech?: John Stuart Mill and the Limits of Tolerance.” Liberal Democracy and the Limits of Tolerance: Essays in Honor and Memory of Yitzhak Rabin, edited by Raphael Cohen-Almagor, University of Michigan Press, 2000, pp. 133–150.
• Sunstein, Cass R. “Free Speech Now.” The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 59, no. 1, 1992, pp. 255–316.
• Waldron, Jeremy. “Brave Spaces.” The New York Review of Books, June 28, 2018.
• Waldron, Jeremy. “Dignity and Defamation: The Visibility of Hate.” Harvard Law Review, vol. 123, no. 7, 2010, pp. 1596–1657.

Surveys

The Knight Foundation, Gallup, the American Council on Education, the Charles Koch Foundation, and the Stanton Foundation recently surveyed 3,014 U.S. college students on attitudes toward the First Amendment.

• Commentary: Chokshi, Niraj. “What College Students Really Think About Free Speech.” The New York Times, March 12, 2018.
  • Nearly 90 percent of surveyed students said that "free speech protections are very or extremely important to American democracy and more than 80 percent said the same of promoting an inclusive and diverse society.”
  • “When forced to choose, a majority of students said that diversity and inclusivity were more important than free speech, though opinions differed widely by demographic...That gap was widest along partisan lines, with 66 percent of Democrats saying inclusivity was more important and 69 percent of Republicans saying the same of free speech.”
• Commentary: Knight Foundation. “8 Ways College Student Views on Free Speech are Evolving.” Medium, March 11, 2018.
  • 70 percent of students "still favor an open learning environment that allows all types of speech over one that puts limits on offensive speech.”
  • 62 percent of students "say shouting down speakers is never acceptable, although 37 percent believe it is sometimes acceptable.”
• Full Report: Knight Foundation. “Free Expression on Campus: What College Students Think about First Amendment Issues.” March 12, 2018.

To complement the student survey above, the American Council on Education recently surveyed nearly 500 college and university presidents about their views on free speech and inclusion in higher education today:

• Espinosa, Lorelle L., Jennifer R. Crandall, and Philip Wilkinson. “Free Speech and Campus Inclusion: A Survey of College Presidents.” Higher Education Today, April 9, 2018.
  • “An overwhelming 96 percent said it is more important for colleges to allow students to be exposed to all types of speech even if they may find it offensive or biased than to protect students by prohibiting offensive or biased speech.”
  • “Almost 80 percent of presidents said that campus inclusion and free speech work well together on their own campus; however, only 13 percent believed there was a similar connection between the two at a national level.”

Reports

• PEN America. "And Campus for All: Diversity, Inclusion, and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities." October 17, 2016.

Concerns about Campus Free Speech

• Bloomberg, Michael and Charles Koch. “Why Free Speech Matters on Campus.” Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2016.
  • “We believe that this new dynamic, which is doing a terrible disservice to students, threatens not only the future of higher education, but also the very fabric of a free and democratic society.”
• Campbell, Bradley and Jason Manning. “The End of Academe: Free Speech and the Silencing of Dissent.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 21, 2018.
  • “If the activists prevail in blurring the boundary between speech and violence, it will mean the end of academe as a place of serious scholarship and debate.”
• Friedersdorf, Conor. “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus.” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016.
  • “To sum up: free speech on campus is threatened from a dozen directions. It is threatened by police spies, overzealous administrators, and students who are intolerant of dissent. It is threatened by activists agitating for speech codes and sanctions for professors or classmates who disagree with them. It is threatened by people who push to disinvite speakers because of their viewpoints and those who shut down events to prevent people from speaking…The evidence that free speech is threatened on college campuses is overwhelming.”
• Kurtz, Stanley. “The Campus Free-Speech Crisis Deepens.” The National Review, September 27, 2017.
  • “Unless educators and legislators tackle the need to discipline speaker shout-downs, classroom invasions, building takeovers, and the like, campuses will continue to spin out of control.”
• McLaughlin, Eliot. “War on Campus: The Escalating Battle Over Free Speech.” CNN, May 1, 2017.
  • “Assaults on college free speech have been waged for decades, but they used to be top-down, originating with government or school administrators. Today, experts say, students and faculty stifle speech themselves, especially if it involves conservative causes.”

Counterpoints

• Hanlon, Aaron. “Are liberal college students creating a free speech crisis? Not according to data.” NBC News, March 22, 2018.
  • “As new and better data on the attitudes of young people toward free speech becomes available, the argument that college students are increasingly against free speech becomes harder and harder to sustain. There will always be anecdotal examples of overzealous and even reactionary young people, but the idea that such beliefs have overtaken a generation is overblown.”
• Ladd, Chris. “There is No Free Speech Crisis on Campus.” Forbes, September 23, 2017.
  • “Thanks to a carefully orchestrated campaign, the notion that universities are hostile to the free exchange of ideas is slipping into mainstream opinion. It is a phony crisis manufactured by the same people who fuel the engines of climate denial.”
• McClennan, Sophia. “College students and the First Amendment: What the right doesn’t want you to know.” Salon, October 17, 2017.
  • “College campuses are not a threat to free speech. Contrary to the media hype, they are a prime place where the First Amendment is not only understood, but also valued and practiced.”
• “Free Speech on Campus and Its Limits.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 26, 2016.
• Morantz, Andrew. “How Social Media Trolls Turned U.C. Berkeley into a Free Speech Circus.” The New Yorker, July 2, 2018.

• Editorial Board. “The Price of Free Speech at Berkeley.” Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2017.
• Editorial Board. “James Madison Weeps.” Wall Street Journal, September 19, 2017.
• Stephens, Bret. “The Dying Art of Disagreement.” New York Times, September 24, 2017.
• Hanlon, Aaron. “What Stunts Like Milo Yiannopoulos's Free Speech Week Cost.” New York Times, September 24, 2017.
• Weiser, Jay. “Campus Speech and Anti-Klan Laws.” Wall Street Journal. October 1, 2017.
• Heying, Heather. “First They Came for the Biologists.” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2017.
• Goldberg, Michelle. “The Worst Time for the Left to Give Up on Free Speech.” New York Times, October 6, 2017.
• Arm, Jesse. “We Brought Charles Murray to Campus. Guess What Happened.” New York Times, October 12, 2017.
• Cauley, Kashana. “When Conservatives Suppress Campus Speech.” New York Times, October 17, 2017.
• Wood, Zachary. “At Williams, a Funny Way of Listening.” Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2017.
• Salovey, Peter. “Free Speech, Personified.” New York Times, November 26, 2017.
• Griesbach, Rebecca. “Roy Moore Drowns Us Out.” New York Times, December 12, 2017.